Cultivation and breeding of industrial Cannabis sativa / 中国中药杂志

Cannabis sativa,with a long history of cultivation, is a traditional industrial crop widely used for food, textiles, and me-dicine. This study discussed industrial C. sativa and medicinal C. sativa. According to the characteristics of management policies of C. sativa in different periods, we divided the development stages of C. sativa into three stages and analyzed the changes in breeding and cultivation goals under the influence of policies. Meanwhile, a comprehensive analysis was carried out based on the breeding conditions of industrial C. sativa in China. Because of the vast territory of China, the differences in agricultural planting environment, economic development, and social development in the southern and northern areas result in different used parts of C. sativa. To be speci-fic, flowers and leaves are used in Yunnan, fiber in Heilongjiang, and seeds in Shanxi. The breeding of C. sativa varieties highlights fiber, seeds, or both of them. As the value of cannabidiol is explored, medicinal C. sativa has been approved in recent years. Based on the cultivation characteristics and value of industrial C. sativa, it is proposed that industrial C. sativa has a broad application prospect as an important industrial crop, and the existing products contain almost no tetrahydrocannabinol. The cultivation of C. sativa should be rationally guided to promote the development of the C. sativa industry. Moreover, it is recommended to actively apply advanced breeding techniques such as molecular breeding to overcome the problems of the uncertainty of the existing induced breeding and the excessively long hybrid breeding cycle, and develop high value-added applications such as medicinal products of C. sativa to enhance the exploitation of the economic value of C. sativa.

Dynamic changes of volatile components in Forsythia suspensa at different harvest periods based on GC-MS and chemometrics analysis / 中国中药杂志

Forsythiae Fructus is the dried fruit of Forsythia suspensa and the volatile compounds are its main bioactive components. According to the different harvest periods, F. suspensa can be divided into Qingqiao(mature F. suspensa) and Laoqiao(ripe F. suspensa). To investigate dynamic changes of volatile components in Qingqiao and Laoqiao samples collected at different periods, the present study extracted and analyzed the total volatile oils in Qingqiao and Laoqiao samples(four harvest periods for Qingqiao and two for Laoqiao) by steam distillation method. The results indicated that the content of volatile oils in F. suspensa samples at different harvest periods was significantly different. The content of volatile oils in Qingqiao samples(except those harvested in the first period) was higher than that of Laoqiao, and the content of volatile oils in both Qingqiao and Laoqiao increased with the harvest period. Furthermore, volatile compounds in F. suspensa were qualitatively analyzed by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS), and 28 volatile compounds were identified. Chemometrics analyses including principal component analysis(PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis(PLS-DA) were further applied to explore differential markers and dynamic changes of volatile components in Qingqiao and Laoqiao samples at different harvest periods. Finally, four volatile compounds, including α-pinene, sabinene, β-pinene, and 4-terpenol were selected as potential differential markers. The relative content of α-pinene and 4-terpenol was consistent with that of total volatile oils in the changing trend.

Herbal Textual Research on Armeniacae Semen Amarum in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

By consulting ancient Chinese herbal medicines and medical books， the textual research of Armeniacae Semen Amarum has been conducted to verify the name， origin， producing area， quality evaluation， harvesting and processing changes. Through textual research， Shennong Bencaojing began to contain Xinghe. After Xinxiu Bencao， Xingheren were gradually taken as the mainstream name， Xingren was first used as the correct name since Leigong Paozhilun， and gradually became the mainstream rectifying in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Before the Qing dynasty， there was no distinction between Armeniacae Semen Amarum and Armeniacae Semen Dulcis in the materia medica works， while the differences between them were clearly defined in some works of the Qing dynasty， but did not record them separately. In order to make them more accurate in clinical application， Armeniacae Semen Amarum was recorded as the correct name in the 1953 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia， and Armeniacae Semen Dulcis was included in the provincial standards. The original plants of Armeniacae Semen Amarum from Prunus armeniaca （Armeniaca vulgaris in Flora of China） and its cultivated varieties with bitter seeds were taken as the mainstream， which are reflected in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Its yellow ripe fruit was generally harvested in May， the seed kernel was taken out for drying or baking， finally the seed coat was removed to use. It is recorded that the production area of Armeniacae Semen Amarum is Taihang Mountain area of Shanxi province in ancient times. At present， its producing area is mainly concentrated in Shanxi， Shandong， Hebei and other places in north China. Historical literature pointed out that Armeniacae Semen Amarum had small toxicity， and heat treatment could reduce toxicity and increase efficiency， its main processing method was blanching and stir-frying. In addition， it is generally believed that raw products with seed coat can enhance its sweating effect since the Ming and Qing dynasties. Until now， three processed products are stipulated in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia， namely raw products， boiled and fried products. Based on textual research， it is recommended that A. vulgaris should be used as the original plant of Armeniacae Semen Amarum in famous classical formulas， and the use of processed products should follow the processing requirements marked in the formulas.

Herbal Textual Research on Ephedrae Herba in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Ephedrae Herba is a commonly used medicine for dispersing wind and cold， which has a long medicinal history. By referring to the herbal literature， medical books and prescription books， this paper intends to carry out herbal textual research on the name， origin， medicinal part， producing area， harvesting and processing methods of Ephedrae Herba in famous classical formulas， in order to provide the basis for the development of relevant famous classical formulas. According to textual research， the main base of ancient Ephedrae Herba was Ephedra sinica. The medicinal part is the herbaceous stems of Ephedrae Herba. Before the Northern and Southern dynasties， the origin of the records was Jindi and Hedong， which is now Shanxi province. In the Northern and Southern dynasties and later generations， the producing area expanded， and now it is mainly distributed in Hebei， Shanxi， Shaanxi， Inner Mongolia， Gansu， Liaoning and other places， among which Inner Mongolia is the main producing area. The harvesting and processing methods in the past dynasties are to harvest the stems in autumn， dry them in the shade or air to 70%-80% dry， and then dry them in the sun. The processing methods in the past dynasties mainly include removing the knots， wine-fried， honey-fried， processing with vinegar and so on， at present， only honey-fried is still in use. Based on the research results， it is suggested that Ephedrae Herba in famous classical formulas should be selected the dry herbaceous stems of E. sinica. If the processing requirements are not indicated， it is suggested to use raw products of Ephedrae Herba.

Herbal Textual Research on Schizonepetae Herba in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

In this paper， the name， classification， origin and other aspects of Schizonepetae Herba in the famous classical formulas were researched by referring to the related herbal literature， medical books and prescription books in the past dynasties. The results showed that Schizonepetae Herba first appeared in Shennong Bencaojing （《神农本草经》） as Jiasu， while Jingjie first appeared in Wupu Bencao （《吴普本草》）， and the name of Jingjie was mainly used as the rectification of name in later generations. The name of Jiasu is mostly derived from its smell， and the name of Jingjie is mostly derived from its pronunciation. Schizonepeta tenuifolia has been highly praised in the past as a original material， and its genuine producing area is Jiangsu， Hebei and other places， medicinal part is whole herb with spike. In modern times， the quality of Schizonepetae Herba is best described as having thin stems， green spike， and aroma. In clinical application， the raw products of Schizonepetae Herba is mainly used， and the carbonisata is mainly used for hemostasis. Famous classical formulas of Huaihuasan and Danggui Yinzi are all made of Schizonepetae Spica， so it is recommended to use the dried panicle of S. tenuifolia. In Liangxue Dihuangtang， Schizonepetae Herba Carbonisata is used， therefore， it is suggested to adopt the processing method of Schizonepetae Herba Carbonisata in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia.

Quality evaluation of Saposhnikoviae Radix based on QAMS combined with information entropy-response surface method / 中国中药杂志

This research was used with high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC), combined with information entropy-response surface method(RSM) to investigate the ethanol concentration, extraction time, liquid-to-material ratio. Taking the content of four chromogens as evaluation indexes, the weight coefficients of each index were given, and the comprehensive score was calculated to optimize the extraction process. Then, prim-O-glucosylcimifugin was used as the reference, the relative calibration factors(RCFs) of cimifugin, 4'-O-β-D-glucosyl-5-O-methylvisamminol and sec-O-glucosylhamaudo to prim-O-glucosylcimifugin were calculated respectively. The contents of four components in Saposhnikoviae Radix were determined by both external standard method(ESM)and quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker(QAMS) method, and the results were compared. At last, combined with principal component analysis(PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA) to evaluate the quality of the Saposhnikoviae Radix in different production areas. The optimal extraction process parameter of the Saposhnikoviae Radix was as follows: liquid-to-material ratio is 60∶1(mL·g~(-1)), extraction time is 35 min, and ethanol concentration is 70%. The repeatability of the RCFs was perfect, and the results calculated by the QAMS were consistent with the results from the ESM. The stoichiometric results indicate that there are obvious differences in the distribution of Saposhnikoviae Radix in different production areas, and cimifugin and prim-O-glucosylcimifugin are the characteristic compounds that cause this difference. In this study, the optimal extraction process is stable and feasible, and the method of QAMS is accurate and reliable. From the perspective of four chromogens, there are differences in the quality of the Saposhnikoviae Radix in different production areas. Therefore, the established extraction process combined with the method of QAMS can be used to evaluate the quality of Saposhnikoviae Radix and provide a scientific basis for the quality control of Saposhnikoviae Radix.

Research progress in immune regulation mechanism of Polygonati Rhizoma polysaccharide / 中国药理学与毒理学杂志

Polygonati Rhizoma is the dry rhizome of Liliaceae plants Polygonatum kingianum coil ethemsl, Polygona?tum sibiricum Redoute and Polygonatum cyrtonem Hua. It tastes sweet and has a flat nature. It belongs to the spleen, lung and kidney channels. Polygonati Rhizoma contains a variety of chemical components, including polysaccharides, alkaloids, steroidal saponins, lignans, phytosterols, and so on. Polygonati Rhizoma polysaccharide (PSP) is one of the main bioactive components of Polygonati Rhizoma. It is widely used. It has the effects of enhancing immunity, anti-inflammatory, anti-virus and regulating blood lipid. In recent years, the immunomodulatory function of PSP has been paid more and more attention by researchers. PSP can play an immunomodulatory role through a variety of mecha?nisms. (1) Effects of PSP on innate immunity. ① Macrophages have a strong ability to phagocytize and clear foreign bodies. When polysaccharides bind to macrophage specific membrane receptors, the immune response will be officially activated. RAW264.7 cells can be activated by PSP MR and TLR4 mediated signal pathway to improve the pinocytosis and phagocytosis of RAW264.7 cells. ② Natural killer cell (NK cell) is a very important immune cell in the body. It is a non-specific immune killer cell naturally existing in the body. It has the dual functions of immune regulation and cytotoxic?ity. It was found that the signal pathway mediated by PSP CR3 and TRL2 may play a major role in the stimulation of NK cells. (2) Effects of PSP on adaptive immune response. ① Lymphocytes can be divided into two forms: T cells and B cells due to different differentiation and maturation sites. T lymphocytes are the general name of thymus dependent lym?phocytes. B lymphocytes differentiate and mature from animal bone marrow cells and exert their humoral immune func?tion by secreting different antibodies. It was found that PSP could activate T/B lymphocytes and increase the ratio of CD4+/CD8+in lymph cells to promote the regulation of immune system.②Thymus and spleen index refers to the level of body immunity through the development of immune organs and the functional status of immune cells. The higher the index of thymus and spleen, the higher the immune activity. A large number of studies have found that PSP can improve immune activity by promoting the proliferation of spleen lymphocytes and regulating organ index, so as to increase the weight and index of thymus and spleen induced by CY. ③ Antibody is a glycoprotein secreted by B cells after antigen stimulation and a series of proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells. Antibody production level is one of the main indicators of nonspecific immune function. PSP can not only improve the serum antibody level of mice by regulating the phagocytosis of mouse macrophages and the level of serum hemolysin, but also enhance the concentration of IL-2 secreted by spleen lymphocytes in vitro to increase the level of antibody response, and then improve the humoral immune function of the body. (3) Effect of PSP on cytokines. ① A large number of experiments have proved that PSP has a significant effect on promoting the production of interleukin (IL). PSP can combine with specific receptors on the surface of immune cells to activate various intracellular signal transduction pathways, enhance the secretion of cytokines such as IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 by spleen lymphocytes in vitro, make them directly kill target cells and regulate the immune function of the body at the molecular level. ② Interferon (IFN) is a special protein or glycoprotein produced by human or animal cells in response to various stimuli. It plays an important role in anti-virus, immune regulation and cell proliferation control. It was found that PSP could increase IFN-γsecreted by T cells and NK cells, activate macrophages to regulate immune function. ③ Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is mainly produced by activated macrophages, NK cells and activated T cells. It is a cytokine with important biological activity in antitumor immune response.④ Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is mainly produced by activated macrophages, NK cells and activated T cells. It is a cytokine with important biological activity in antitumor immune response. PSP can promote the proliferation and phagocytic activity of macro?phage RAW264.7 to reduce its apoptosis rate. By increasing the secretion of TNF-α, PSP can promote the dissociation between NF-κВprotein and IκВp65 protein after phosphorylation, so as to start the expression and transcription of related immune genes. In conclusion, PSP can improve immunity and has a good application prospect in the development of immunomodulatory drugs.

Research progress in mulberry leaf polysaccharide in treating diabetic nephropathy / 中国药理学与毒理学杂志

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most common complications of diabetes. It is an important cause of diabetes disability and death. DN is a systemic metabolic syndrome. In its pathogenesis, the interaction of various cell activities and a large number of cytokine biological activities, the activation of signal pathways and so on are involved in the development of DN. At present, the clinical treatment of DN is mainly Western medicine, but it has limitations such as strong toxicity, high side effects and poor compliance. Therefore, the discovery of natural anti-DN substances has also become an important means to treat DN. Mulberry leaves are the dry leaves of Morus alba L. It is not only a tradi?tional Chinese medicine, but also a dual-purpose medicinal material for medicine and food. It has the effects of dispelling wind and clearing heat, cooling blood and brightening eyes, tonifying and so on. Mulberry leaf polysaccharide (MLP) is a kind of high molecular compound in mulberry leaves. It has many pharmacological effects, such as hypoglycemic, antiox?idant, anti-stress, anti-virus and so on. Therefore, the pharmacological effects of mulberry leaf polysaccharides on dia?betic nephropathy are reviewed in this paper, so as to provide references for further research and application. The patho?genesis of DN is complex, and the mechanism of renal injury has not been completely clarified. The current studies believe that DN is closely related to heredity, abnormal glucose metabolism, abnormal lipid metabolism, microcirculation disorder, cytokine action, oxidative stress and so on. Relevant studies show that the pharmacological effects of mulberry leaf polysaccharide in the prevention and treatment of DN mainly include: ① Effect on transforming factor-β1 (TGF-β1):TGF-β1 has become an important cytokine involved in the formation of renal fibrosis by regulating cell proliferation and differentiation and the production of extracellular matrix (ECM). MLP can significantly inhibit TGF-β1 protein, and then inhibit the synthesis of extracellular matrix by renal interstitial fibroblasts and inhibit the realization of fibrosis.②Effect on insulin receptor substrate (IRS-1): IRS-1 is an important signal molecule at the beginning of IR signal transduction. The decrease of IRS-1 gene expression or the decrease of expression can affect the effective transmission of IR signal and lead to the development and deterioration of diabetes. MPL can significantly increase the expression of IRS-1 mRNA in liver tissue of DN rats, so as to prevent and treat DN. ③ Effect on the expression of resistin protein in adipose tis?sue. Resistin is a secretory polypeptide derived from adipose tissue and is specifically expressed in white adipose tissue and is closely related to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Experimental studies show that MLP can effectively reduce the expression of resistin protein in white adipose tissue of T2DM rats, indicating that MLP may reduce the level of IR by inhibiting the expression of resistin in adipose tissue, thereby reducing the insulin resistance state of T2DM rats, so as to achieve the goal of treating diabetes.④Effect on adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1):adiponectin can improve insulin resistance, reduce blood glucose and lipid. AdipoR1 is mainly expressed in skeletal muscle and kidney. Studies have shown that AdipoR1 is closely related to the occurrence and development of DN. The results showed that MLP could reduce the blood glucose and blood lipid level and up regulate the expression of AdipoR1 mRNA in DN rats, suggesting that MLP may delay the occurrence and development of DN. This article reviewed the pharmacological effects of mulberry leaf polysaccharides on diabetic nephropathy, and provided a useful basis for further development and utilization of mul?berry leaf polysaccharides in the treatment of DN.

Pharmacological effects of volatileoil from Alpinia officinaruim in treating cardiovascular diseases / 中国药理学与毒理学杂志

Galangal (Alpinia officinaruim Hance) is the rhizome of the perennial herb belonging to Zingiberaceae family. There are many active components in galangal, such as volatile oil, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenylpropanoids and glycosides, among which the content of volatile oil is higher. The bioactivities of galangal volatile oil on health effect includesanti-inflammatory, anti-hypertension, anti-oxidation and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a kind of diseases related to circulatory system, which is also called circulatory system diseases. Over the past decade, the number of people dying from CVD has increased by 12.5％ worldwide, and it is now the leading cause of human death worldwide. Studies have shown that galangal volatile oil has good pharmacological effects in treating CVD. ① Regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism: studies have found that abnormal lipid metabolism can lead to obesity, diabetes, CVD and other diseases. The serum total triglyceride (TG) content in liver and serum will increase in patients with abnormal fat metabolism. The results showed that the volatile oil of galangal could increase the excretion of neutral cholesterol, significantly reduce liver TG and serum TG, and thus regulate glucose and lipid metabo?lism, prevent lipid deposition and prevent CVD. ② Improving insulin resistance (IR): inhibition of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6 activation and expression of TNF-α, improves IR, thereby protecting myocardium from IR-mediated damage. Through the establishment of endothelial cell injury model induced by high glucose in vitro, it was found that the volatile oil of galangal can significantly reduce the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-αand IL-8, and inhib?it the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 induced by high glucose, suggesting that it has protective effect on endothelial dysfunction and inflammation induced by high glucose.③Regulate blood oxygenation:during acute myocardial hypoxia, the activity of free radical scavenging system is decreased, and oxygen free radicals are produced in large quantity, which reacts with unsaturated fatty acids on the cell membrane and forms lipid peroxidation, resulting in myocardial structural damage. The results showed that the water extract of Galangal could reduce the content of MDA in blood and protect the SOD activity of ischemic and hypoxic myocardium.④ Protective effect of vascular endothelial cells (ES):ES injury is the pathological basis of some cardiovascular diseases. The results showed that the volatile oil of galangal had a protective effect on ES apoptosis. Compared with the morphology and activity of ES treated with oxidized LDL, galan?gal volatile oil could ameliorate these morphological changes and improve cell viability. ⑤ Antiplatelet agglutination:inhibit platelet aggregation and thromboxane release, improve blood circulation, and have obvious anti-thrombotic effect, which has a good effect on the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. The results showed that the volatile oil of galangal had inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation and anticoagulant effect. In conclusion, the volatile oil of galangal can be used to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases. Based on the mechanism of CVD, this study summa?rized the role of the essential oil of Alpinia officinaruim in CVD, providing basis for the clinical application of alpiniaoffici?nalis essential oil in the prevention and treatment of CVD and the development of new drugs.

Comparative analysis of chemical compositions of fruits of Perilla frutescens var. arguta and P. frutescens var. frutescens by pre-column derivatization with GC-MS / 中国中药杂志

The present study compared the appearance and chemical composition of fruits of Perilla frutescens var. arguta(PFA) and P. frutescens var. frutescens(PFF). VHX-6000 3 D depth of field synthesis technology was applied for the appearance observation. The metabolites were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by pre-column derivatization combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS). Finally, cluster analysis(CA), principal component analysis(PCA), and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA) were applied for exploring the differences in their chemical compositions. The results indicated that the size and color of PFA and PFF fruits were different. PFF fruits were significantly larger than PFA fruits. The surface color of PFA fruits was brown, while PFF fruits were in multiple colors, such as white, grayish-white, and brown. Amino acids, saccharides, organic acids, fatty acids, and phenolic acids were identified in PFA and PFF fruits. The results of CA, PCA, and OPLS-DA indicated significant differences in the content of components between PFA and PFF fruits. Three metabolites, including D-glucose, rosmarinic acid, and D-fructose, which were significantly higher in PFA fruits than in PFF fruits, were screened out as differential metabolites. Considering the regulation on the content of rosmarinic acid in Perillae Fructus in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition), the medicinal value of PFA fruits is higher than that of PFF. In conclusion, there are differences in appearance and chemical composition between PFA fruits and PFF fruits. These results are expected to provide fundamental data for specifying plant source and quality control of Perillae Fructus.

Dynamic changes of volatile components of Qiai from different harvest time based on GC-MS and chemometrics analysis / 中国中药杂志

Artemisiae Argyi Folium, the dried leaves of Artemisia argyi, has been widely used in traditional Chinese and folk medicines for a long time. Qiai is one of the top-geoherb of Artemisiae Argyi Folium. Qiai contains various bioactive constituents, such as volatile oils, phenolic acids, flavonoids and terpenoids. Phytochemical studies demonstrated that volatile compounds are the main bioactive constituents in Qiai. Try to investigate dynamic changes of volatile components of Qiai from different harvest time and explore the optimum harvest time of Qiai, in this study, the contents of total volatile oils in Qiai collected from five different harvest time were analyzed by steam distillation method. The results showed that the contents of volatile oils of Qiai were higher in the third harvest time(around the Dragon Boat Festival), which is basically consistent with the traditional harvest time. Furthermore, a sensitive method based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) was established for qualitative analysis of volatile compounds in Qiai, and a total of thirty volatile compounds were identified. Chemometrics methods including principal component analysis(PCA) and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminate analysis(OPLS-DA) were applied to explore chemical markers and dynamic changes of volatile components in Qiai from different harvest time, and the results indicated that there were obvious differences in the relative contents of volatile compounds of Qiai samples from different harvest time. Eight volatile compounds, including α-terpinene, γ-terpinene, D-camphor, trans-carveol, α-copaene, isobornylisobutyrate, humulene, and caryophyllene oxide were selected as potential chemical markers. Among the eight chemical markers, the relative contents of α-terpinene, γ-terpinene, α-copaene and caryophyllene oxide were higher in the third harvest period(around the Dragon Boat Festival), which is consistent with the contents of total volatile oils. The present study could provide the basis for investigating the optimum harvest time of Qiai, and might be useful for the quality control of this herbal medicine.

Quality evaluation of Artemisiae Argyi Folium based on fingerprint analysis and quantitative analysis of multicomponents / 中国中药杂志

Artemisiae Argyi Folium, the dried leaves of Artemisia argyi, has been widely used in traditional Chinese and folk medicines for treatment of hemorrhage, pain, and skin itch. Phytochemical studies indicated that volatile oil, organic acid and flavonoids were the main bioactive components in Artemisiae Argyi Folium. Compared to the volatile compounds, the research of nonvolatile compounds in Artemisiae Argyi Folium are limited. In the present study, an accurate and reliable fingerprint approach was developed using HPLC for quality control of Artemisiae Argyi Folium. A total of 10 common peaks were marked，and the similarity of all the Artemisiae Argyi Folium samples was above 0.940. The established fingerprint method could be used for quality control of Artemisiae Argyi Folium. Furthermore, an HPLC method was applied for simultaneous determination of seven bioactive compounds including five organic acids and two flavonoids in Artemisiae Argyi Folium and Artemisiae Lavandulaefoliae Folium samples. Moreover, chemometrics methods such as hierarchical clustering analysis and principal component analysis were performed to compare and discriminate the Artemisiae Argyi Folium and Artemisiae Lavandulaefoliae Folium based on the quantitative data of analytes. The results indicated that simultaneous quantification of multicomponents coupled with chemometrics analysis could be a well-acceptable strategy to identify and evaluate the quality of Artemisiae Argyi Folium.

Quality evaluation of Taraxaci Herba based on fingerprint analysis and quantitative analysis of multi-components / 中国中药杂志

Taraxaci Herba was derived from the dried Herba of Taraxacum mongolicum, T. borealisinense and several species from the Taraxacum genus. Taraxaci Herba has been widely used in traditional Chinese and folk medicines. According to the different growth and cultivation pattern, Taraxaci Herba could be divided into two species, wild Taraxaci Herba and cultivated Taraxaci Herba. In the present study, an accurate and reliable fingerprint approach was developed using high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) for quality control of Taraxaci Herba. A total of 9 common peaks were marked, and the similarity of all the Taraxaci Herba samples was above 0.960. The established fingerprint method could be used for quality control of Taraxaci Herba. Furthermore, an HPLC method was established for simultaneous determination of six bioactive compounds, including monocaffeoyl tartaric acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, cichoric acid, 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and luteolin in wild Taraxaci Herba and cultivated Taraxaci Herba. Moreover,chemometrics analysis such as principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis were performed to compare and discriminate the wild samples and cultivated samples based on the quantitative data. The chemometrics results indicated that 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and luteolin were significant to effectively discriminate the wild Taraxaci Herba and cultivated Taraxaci Herba samples, and these two compounds could be recognized as chemical markers for quality evaluation of wild Taraxaci Herba and cultivated Taraxaci Herba. The fingerprint analysis and quantitative analysis of multi-components could be a well-acceptable strategy for evaluation the quality of Taraxaci Herba.

Determination of six active ingredients in different parts of Belamcanda chinensis and Iris tectorum and their anti-inflammatory activity / 中国中药杂志

In order to explore the anti-inflammatory activity and active ingredient basis from the leaves of the Belamcanda chinensis and Iris tectorum, we established an HPLC method for simultaneous determination of six anti-inflammatory active ingredient contents in the root of the B. chinensis and I. tectorum as well as their leaves with different dry methods, and the anti-inflammatory effects of the extract were studied by the mouse ear swelling experiment. The HPLC analysis was performed on an Agilent WondaSil© C₁₈-WR(4.6 mm×250 mm，5 μm)，with isocratic elution of acetonitrile-0.1% ortho-phosphoric acid solution at a flow rate of 1. 0 mL·min⁻¹ and the detection was carried out at 265 nm. The chemical compositions of the B. chinensis and I. tectorum are similar but the contents of them are obviously different. Both rhizome and leaf extract of B. chinensis and I. tectorum had inhibitory effects on inflamed mice induced by dimethylbenzene and had anti-inflammatory effects by animal experiment, which could lay the material and active foundation for the development of the non-medicinal parts of the B. chinensis and I. tectorum.

Research on topographic factors of ecology suitability regionalization of Bupleuri Radix in Hebei province / 中国中药杂志

To study the correlation between the content of saikosaponins ingredient of Bupleuri Radix and topographic factors, we researched the ecology suitability regionalization of topographic of Bupleuri Radix from Hebei province to provide a scientific basis for selecting artificial planting. Based on 43 samples of Bupleuri Radix from Hebei province, the variation of the content of saikosaponins in different conditions of topographic factors and the influence of slope, altitude and aspect were comprehensively analyzed by SPSS 21.0. Then we studied topographic factors of ecology suitability regionalization of Bupleuri Radix on the basis of the relationship between the saikosaponins and topographic factors by ArcGIS. The most suitable conditions of topographic for cultivation of saikosaponins are as follows：altitude 600 m above, slope 4.00-5.50 degrees, aspect to the sun. In Hebei province, it is suitable for growth of Bupleuri Radix in the Taihang Mountains and the Yanshan Mountains where the content of saikosaponins is higher.

Climatic division of Blumea balsamifera in Guizhou province based on topographical conditions / 中国中药杂志

According to the meteorological index of the growth of Blumea balsamifera, and by using the climate and geographic date recorded in the main meteorological stations for 54 years（1960-2014） in Guizhou province, the authors established a regression model between climate division factors and geographic information for the possible planting area. Considering integrated various factors including climate factor, gradient and elevation, based on GIS technology, ascertain the planting area of B. balsamifera. Combined with the land use condition of Guizhou province based on RS, analyzed the distribution rule of the synthesis index, climatic divisions of B. balsamifera in Guizhou were divided into 3 areas (the most suitable, suitable, sub-suitable) objectively. There are 3 areas can plant B. balsamifera (the southwest, the south and the north). The most suitable climate area has 76.98 km², the suitable climate area has 156.04 km², and the sub-suitable climate area has 235.43 km².

Correlation analysis between quality characteristics and commercial specifications of Panacis Quinquefolii Radix / 中国中药杂志

This study was aimed to analyze the correlation between commercial specifications of Panacis Quinquefolii Radix and quantitative indexes of sevent kinds of ginsenosides (ginsenosides Rg¹, Re, Rb¹, Rc, Rb₂, Rb₃, Rd) contained in Panacis Quinquefolii Radix by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), explore the correlation between the characteristics of the traditional Panacis Quinquefolii Radix specifications and modern chemical quantitative indicators, and provide a theoretical basis for the quality grade evaluation of Panacis Quinquefolii Radix. The HPLC fingerprint method was used to analyze 40 batches of Panacis Quinquefolii Radix. A total of 19 peaks were marked, and the similarity was above 0.900 for all samples. On this basis, processing methods, product specifications, contents of 7 components, and the total contents of ginsenoside Rg¹, Re and Rb¹ were used as the original variables for cluster analysis and principal component analysis. The results showed great correlation between the quality of Panacis Quinquefolii Radix and the information on their origins, but the difference was less with the characteristics of traditional commercial specifications, indicating some limitations in the division of commercial specifications of Panacis Quinquefolii Radix. The results revealed the intrinsic relationship between the product specifications, traditional qualitative indexes, and quantitative indexes of chemical components of Panacis Quinquefolii Radix, providing a new idea for the objective comprehensive evaluation of the quality of Panacis Quinquefolii Radix.

Study on commercial specification of atractylodes based on Delphi method / 中国中药杂志

This research adopts "Delphi method" to evaluate atractylodes traditional traits and rank correlation. By using methods of mathematical statistics the relationship of the traditional identification indicators and atractylodes goods rank correlation was analyzed, It is found that the main characteristics affectingatractylodes commodity specifications and grades of main characters wereoil points of transaction,color of transaction,color of surface,grain of transaction,texture of transaction andspoilage. The study points out that the original "seventy-six kinds of medicinal materials commodity specification standards of atractylodes differentiate commodity specification" is not in conformity with the actual market situation, we need to formulate corresponding atractylodes medicinal products specifications and grades.This study combined with experimental results "Delphi method" and the market actual situation, proposed the new draft atractylodes commodity specifications and grades, as the new atractylodes commodity specifications and grades standards. It provides a reference and theoretical basis.

Research on climatic factors of ecology suitability regionalization of atractylodis / 中国中药杂志

Through study on the correlation between atractylodis lactones ingredient content and climatic factors, we research regionalization from climatic of five main producing provinces of the country, in order to provide a scientific basis for atractylodis' conscious cultivation. By sampling from 40 origins which from five main producing provinces of the country, we use SPSS to analysis variation of atractylodis lactones ingredient content in different conditions of climatic factors and the effect of each factors. Then according to the relationship between atractylodis lactones ingredient content and climatic factors, we use ArcGIS to conduct ecological suitability regionalization based on climatic factors. The most suitable climatic condition for cultivation of atractylodis: the wettest month precipitation 220-230 mm, the warmest average temperature 25 degrees C, the average temperature of driest season 10 degrees C.

Research progress on standards of commodity classes of Chinese materia medica and discussion on several key problems / 中国中药杂志

Standards of commodity classes of Chinese materia medica is an important way to solve the "Lemons Problem" of traditional Chinese medicine market. Standards of commodity classes are also helpful to rebuild market mechanisms for "high price for good quality". The previous edition of commodity classes standards of Chinese materia medica was made 30 years ago. It is no longer adapted to the market demand. This article researched progress on standards of commodity classes of Chinese materia medica. It considered that biological activity is a better choice than chemical constituents for standards of commodity classes of Chinese materia medica. It is also considered that the key point to set standards of commodity classes is finding the influencing factors between "good quality" and "bad quality". The article also discussed the range of commodity classes of Chinese materia medica, and how to coordinate standards of pharmacopoeia and commodity classes. According to different demands, diversiform standards can be used in commodity classes of Chinese materia medica, but efficacy is considered the most important index of commodity standard. Decoction pieces can be included in standards of commodity classes of Chinese materia medica. The authors also formulated the standards of commodity classes of Notoginseng Radix as an example, and hope this study can make a positive and promotion effect on traditional Chinese medicine market related research.